BPH medical treatment
1.   
The bladder outlet obstruction of BPH has two
components:

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IPSS
Benign
prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

1.     
INTRODUCTION
-A common disorder that
increases in frequency progressively with age in men older than 50 years.

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URS
Nephrolithiasis
INTRODUCTION 
Peak incidence age 30 - 60: 一般輸尿管結石較多。 

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renal
Reanl echo
Renal: 9~12 cm
中央白色的collecting system,可見多個兩片亮白色片狀一組的管壁,若兩片亮白色片狀的距離增大,表示
duct dilatation

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ureter
ureter anatomy
長:22 to 30 cm
upper ureter: renal pelvis to the upper
border of the sacrum

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Differential diagnosis of a brain mass




Primary brain tumors 




Glioma, Meningioma, Pituitary
adenoma, Vestibular schwannoma, Primary central nervous system lymphoma
 






Metastatic brain tumors 




 






Cerebral hemorrhage 




Vascular anomaly, Hypertensive,
Intratumoral
 






Cerebral infarct 




Embolus, Thrombosis 






Infections 




Abscess, Viral infection,
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
 






Inflammatory




Multiple sclerosis, Post-infectious
encephalomyelitis





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eye
Brain
tumor clinical presentation

Generalized: Headache, Seizure, Nausea and vomiting,
Syncope, Cognitive dysfunction
Focal: Weakness, Sensory loss, Aphasia, Visual
spatial dysfunction

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Conscious disturbance
 
Glasgow Coma Scale
睜眼反應(E, Eye opening)

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Craniotomy
NS surgery(內容有點散亂@@~)
<brain>
1.      Craniotomy
:
removing a piece of bone from the skull (cranium)
to provide access to the brain and its surrounding structures.
 

Indication: 

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verterbra
1. Lumbar strain, sprain (70 %)
上班族坐辦公桌或因運動間接造成的下背疼痛,以慢性肌腱炎或肌肉疲乏居多。
2. Degenerative processes of disks and facets, usually
age-related (10 %)

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brain herniation
IICP
1.     
The Monro-Kellie hypothesis
cranial compartment= brain tissue+ CSF+ blood= 定值(1400
to 1700 mL
)

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EVD
External Ventricular Drainage (EVD, ventriculostomy)
1.     
Indications:
To relieve raised intracranial
pressure (RICP)

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