Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
Acute PAOD:
1. Etiology - Embolus (majority), thrombus, or trauma
Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease
Acute PAOD:
1. Etiology - Embolus (majority), thrombus, or trauma
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
1.Definition: aortic diameter at least one and one-half times (1.5x) the diameter
measured at the level of the renal arteries

Rotator cuff PE
ROM:
Measurement
of motion angles in abduction (0-180°) and adduction (0-50°) (A),
anterior (0-180°) and posterior (0-50°) elevation (B), and external

Varus and Valgus stress test: 內翻外翻,內外側副韌帶
lachman test: 評估前十字韌帶受損,令病患仰臥膝關節彎曲25-30度,將脛骨近端,向前拉牽測其位移。向前位移量小於三毫米為正常,位移量於三至六毫米為第一度(+),六至九毫米為第二度(++),位移量於十至十六毫米為第三度(+++),大於十六毫米,第四度(++++)。向前拉牽,感覺終點為軟性(soft end point)者懷疑韌帶受損。
macintosh test(pivot shift test): 檢查脛骨外側髁向前半脫位。檢查者一手握住患者足並使之內旋,同時完全伸直膝關節,用力使膝關節外翻然後屈曲膝關節,在30°位左右時脫位的脛骨復位並出現明顯的反跳,即為陽性。提示ACL有異常,可伴有其他病理改變。
anterior drawer test: 將膝關節置於彎曲九十度,同樣的將小腿往前拉,測其穩定性,不過此種檢查較不敏感,大約只有50%會呈現陽性,此種測試叫做前扯測驗,用來判斷前十字韌帶斷裂的理學檢查。

Klatskin's tumor
1.perihilar bile duct tumor,位於肝管分枝(bifurcation of hepatic duct)
2.Usually presents
between ages 50-70 but can present earlier in pts with primary sclerosing
cholangitis (PSC) and in pts with choledochal cysts. Slightly higher incidence

Facial fracture
1.nasalorbitalethmoid fracture(NOE fracture)
Blunt force directly over the nasal pyramid.

Fracture of Zygoma: the most common facial fracture
1. Symptoms
Enophthalmos: avoid compressing infraorbital nerve
UTI
1.Introduction
Bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract.
Lower: urethritis, cystitis
Upper: pyelonephritis, renal or perinephric abscess, prostatitis

Prostate cancer
1.Introduction
Prostate
cancer在西方國家是最常被診斷的malignancy並且也是造成死亡的首要原因。在台灣的發生率為23/100000,排名第五。Prostate
cancer的發生率有增加的趨勢,是因為飲食西化,年紀增加和PSA

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
1.Epidemiology: 1% of newborns; 30~45% in children with UTI
2.Classification:
Primary VUR: inadequate closure of UVJ, shortening of intravesical