白袍恐懼症

ureter anatomy

長：22 to 30 cm

upper ureter: renal pelvis to the upper border of the sacrum

middle ureter: upper to the lower border of the sacrum

lower ureter: lower border of the sacrum to the bladder

3個狹窄處:

1. ureteropelvic junction(UPJ)

2. crossing of the iliac vessels (ureter 在前，剛好是common iliac分成internal 和 external處)

3. ureterovesical junction: true physical restriction

內到外: transitional epithelium, lamina propria, inner longitudinal and

        outer circular smooth muscle layer, adventitia (內縱外環)

PS. GI: 內環外縱

Kidney: T12~L3

renal capsule

medulla→cortex→capsule→perinephric fat→renal fascia→paranephric fat→peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly)

-fascia anterior to the perinephric space: Gerota's fascia

     contain: pancreas, transverse colon and second through fourth

     duodenum

-fascia posterior to the perinephric space: Zuckerkandl's fascia

     not contain any abdominal organs